Executive Summary

A significant data exposure has occurred at UStrive, a non-profit mentoring platform, affecting the personal information of more than 238,000 users. The incident is particularly concerning as a number of the affected users are minors. The root cause was identified as a misconfigured GraphQL API endpoint that allowed for unauthorized data access. This security lapse highlights the substantial data protection challenges faced by the non-profit sector, where resource constraints can often lead to overlooked security configurations, even when handling highly sensitive data like that of children.

Data Breach Overview

The data exposure at UStrive was not the result of a sophisticated hack, but rather a common and preventable configuration error. The platform's API, which uses GraphQL, was left open without proper authentication or authorization controls.

Root Cause: GraphQL Misconfiguration GraphQL is a powerful query language for APIs that allows clients to request exactly the data they need. However, if not secured properly, this flexibility can be turned against the application. In this case, the endpoint likely lacked sufficient authentication checks, allowing anyone on the internet to send queries to the database. Furthermore, a lack of authorization controls meant that once a query was sent, the API would return data without verifying if the requester had the right to access it. This could allow an attacker to systematically query and exfiltrate the entire user database.

Impact Assessment

• Sensitive Data Exposed: While the specific data fields have not been detailed, information on a mentoring platform could include names, email addresses, contact information, school information, and potentially sensitive notes or communications between mentors and mentees.
• Risk to Minors: The exposure of data belonging to minors is a major aggravating factor. This information could be used by malicious actors for targeted phishing, grooming, or identity theft. It also raises potential legal and regulatory issues under laws like the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) in the United States.
• Sector-Wide Warning: This incident is a stark reminder for the non-profit sector. These organizations are often custodians of highly sensitive data but may lack the budget and dedicated security personnel of for-profit corporations. It underscores that data security is a fundamental responsibility for any organization, regardless of its size or mission.

Cyber Observables for Detection

Detecting this type of data leakage requires monitoring the behavior of the application's API.

Detection & Response

• Detect: Implement an API security solution or a WAF with specific rules for GraphQL. These tools can detect and block introspection queries in production environments, identify anomalous query patterns, and alert on attempts to access data without proper authorization tokens.
• Response: Upon discovery, the immediate action is to secure the endpoint by implementing proper authentication and authorization controls. The organization must then conduct a forensic analysis of its logs to determine if the vulnerability was exploited and, if so, what data was accessed and by whom. Based on these findings, the organization must follow its incident response plan, which includes notifying affected users and regulatory bodies as required by law.

Mitigation

Preventing such exposures requires building security into the API development lifecycle.

• Disable Introspection in Production: GraphQL's introspection feature is useful for development but should be disabled in production environments to prevent attackers from easily mapping the API's schema. (M1054 - Software Configuration)
• Implement Strong Authentication and Authorization: Every request to the GraphQL API should require a valid authentication token. Furthermore, the API should enforce granular authorization checks to ensure that the authenticated user only has access to the data they are permitted to see. (M1036 - Account Use Policies)
• Rate Limiting and Query Depth Limiting: Implement rate limiting to prevent an attacker from making an excessive number of requests. Also, set a maximum query depth to prevent complex, resource-intensive queries that could be used to overwhelm the server or exfiltrate large, nested datasets in a single request. (M1048 - Application Isolation and Sandboxing)
• Regular Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits and penetration tests of all public-facing applications and APIs, with a specific focus on common misconfigurations and authorization flaws.